AVO report
ALASKA VOLCANO OBSERVATORY DAILY UPDATE
U.S. Geological Survey
Saturday, February 8, 2025, 10:29 AM AKST (Saturday, February 8, 2025, 19:29 UTC)
GREAT SITKIN (VNUM #311120)
52°4'35" N 176°6'39" W, Summit Elevation 5709 ft (1740 m)
Current Volcano Alert Level: WATCH
Current Aviation Color Code: ORANGE
Lava continues to erupt slowly in the summit crater of Great Sitkin Volcano. Seismicity has been quiet over the past day. Clouds blocked views of the volcano in web camera and satellite images.
The current eruption of Great Sitkin Volcano began with a single explosive event in May 2021. The ongoing eruption of lava at the summit began shortly afterward, in July 2021. The volcano is monitored using local seismic and infrasound sensors, satellite data and web cameras, and regional infrasound and lightning networks.
To view monitoring data and other information about Great Sitkin: https://avo.alaska.edu/volcano/great-sitkin
SPURR (VNUM #313040)
61°17'56" N 152°15'14" W, Summit Elevation 11070 ft (3374 m)
Current Volcano Alert Level: ADVISORY
Current Aviation Color Code: YELLOW
Unrest continues at Mount Spurr, with numerous small, shallow volcanic earthquakes detected beneath the volcano over the past day. Currently, most of the them are occurring under the Crater Peak vent, with some also located under the summit of Mount Spurr.
A field team visited the volcano yesterday to dig out snow-covered stations and make repairs. They report no major changes to the Crater Peak vent, and continued degassing from the summit crater. They also took airborne gas measurements, from which the data are still being processed. The webcam at station CKT is now returning images again, which are available here.
AVO continues to monitor activity at Mount Spurr for signals that would indicate that the volcano is moving closer to an eruption. Based on previous eruptions, changes from current activity in the earthquakes, ground deformation, summit lake, and fumaroles would be expected if magma began to move closer to the surface. Therefore, it is very likely that if an eruption were to occur it would be preceded by additional signals that would allow advance warning.
The volcano is monitored using local seismic, infrasound, web camera, and GNSS stations along with regional infrasound, lightning networks and satellite data.
To view monitoring data and other information about Mount Spurr: https://avo.alaska.edu/volcano/spurr
Spurr Information Statement February 6, 2025
Summary
Volcanic unrest continues at Mount Spurr, an ice- and snow-covered volcano located on the west side of Cook Inlet approximately 75 miles (120 km) west of Anchorage. The most likely cause is new magma beneath the volcano.
The duration (10 months) and nature of the unrest suggest that an eruption is possible. The most likely site of an eruption is the Crater Peak vent, which erupted in 1992 and 1953. It is less likely that an eruption would occur from Spurr summit, which last erupted several thousand years ago. Past Crater Peak eruptions were often explosive, and far-traveled ash clouds and ashfall can be expected if an eruption occurs.
We expect to see additional seismic activity, gas emissions, and surface heating, as well as changes to surface deformation prior to an eruption, if one were to occur. Such stronger unrest may provide days to a few weeks of additional warning, but that is not certain.
AVO is undertaking repairs to the monitoring network this week to improve data return. The current data flow allows us to track activity and detect changes that would precede an eruption. An observation and gas measurement flight is scheduled for February 7.
Observations and background:
An increase in the number of earthquakes underneath Mount Spurr was first observed in April 2024 and continues. The rate of earthquakes has increased from an average of 30 per week from April to early October to a rate of 125 per week from early October to now. AVO has located over 2700 earthquakes during the unrest episode thus far. The largest of these earthquakes is a magnitude 2.9 that occurred on January 2, 2025.
During the unrest episode, earthquakes have clustered at two depths: 0–6 miles (0–10 km) and 12–22 miles (20–35 km) beneath the volcano. Recently, a higher proportion of the earthquakes have occurred in the shallower zone. Shallow quakes are occurring underneath both vents of the volcano, Spurr summit and Crater Peak, though there has been a recent increase in the number of earthquakes under Crater Peak.
Starting at about the same time as the increase in earthquakes in April, we have detected steady surface deformation (“inflation”) using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations on the flanks of the volcano. The total movement away from the volcano to date is about ~2.4 inches (~6 cm) at the closest GNSS station. Preliminary modeling of the inflation suggests a source around 2 to 3 miles (3 to 5 km) below sea level and about 2 miles (3 to 4 km) west of Mount Spurr’s summit. Satellite radar data confirm the GNSS-detected uplift. This inflation may be caused by new magma, fluids, or gases.
In early summer 2024, a small lake appeared in the crater at Spurr summit consistent with a modest increase in heat flow. The lake has grown slowly to an area of approximately 5 acres through small collapses and melting of ice inside the crater. The lake is partially covered by ice and remains blue-green in color. Active steaming from summit area fumaroles continues and has not changed over this current period of unrest and remains similar to observations from recent years. Unlike at the summit, we have seen no significant surface changes at Crater Peak.
Two gas-measurement flights, on June 23 and December 18, detected low levels of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide gas that are similar to background levels measured in previous years. An additional measurement is planned for February 7.
Mount Spurr is monitored by a local seismic network, GNSS ground deformation stations, infrasound sensors, and a webcam. Remote sensing data, including satellite imagery of surface changes and ash and gas emissions, regional infrasound sensors, and lightning data are also used to detect unrest and eruptions at the volcano. Winter weather can affect data transmission from our remote monitoring sites, and we continue to perform maintenance to mitigate these effects and ensure continual data flow.
The only known historical eruptions from Mount Spurr occurred in 1953 and 1992 from the Crater Peak flank vent located 2 miles (3.5 km) south of the peak’s summit. These eruptions were brief, explosive, and produced columns of ash that rose up to 65,000 feet (20 km) above sea level and deposited minor ashfall in south-central Alaska (up to ¼ inch or 6 mm). The last known eruption from the summit of Mount Spurr was more than 5,000 years ago. In 2004, Mount Spurr experienced an episode of increased seismicity, surface uplift, and heating that melted a large hole in the summit ice cap and generated debris flows but no eruption occurred. Primary hazards during future eruptions include far-traveled ash clouds, ashfall, pyroclastic flows, and lahars or mudflows that could inundate drainages all sides of the volcano, but primarily on the south and east flanks.
Interpretations and Hazards:
The current unrest at Mount Spurr strongly suggests that new magma has intruded into the crust beneath the volcano. Based on our understanding of past eruptions and our analysis of the current episode of unrest, AVO considers the following future scenarios possible:
1) Failed eruption. No eruption occurs as magma does not reach the surface. Earthquake activity, ground deformation, and surface heating slowly decrease over several weeks or months.
2) Eruption of Crater Peak similar to 1953 and 1992. Unrest continues to escalate as magma moves towards the surface, culminating in an eruption that is like the ones that occurred in 1953 and 1992. One or more explosive events lasting one or a few hours would produce ash clouds carried downwind for hundred of miles, and the uninhabited area around Mount Spurr would be inundated by pyroclastic flows, mudflows (lahars), and ballistic showers.
3) Eruption of Spurr summit. An eruption from the summit vent of Mount Spurr could occur, though there have been none in historical times. Such an eruption would likely be explosive and may also form lava flows. A summit eruption also would likely melt large volumes of glacial ice, which could lead to lahars and other hydrologic hazards.
Based on all available monitoring data, AVO regards scenarios one (no eruption) and two (eruption of Crater Peak) as equally likely at this time. Scenario 3 is considered less likely.
We expect to see additional changes to monitoring data prior to an eruption if one were to occur as magma moves closer to the surface. This would include further increase in the number of earthquakes, onset of sustained seismic tremor, increased gas emissions, changes in surface deformation, and melting of snow and ice. In 1992, such changes occurred about three weeks prior to the first eruption. Should earthquake activity or other monitoring data suggest that an eruption is likely within hours or days, AVO would raise Spurr from its current Aviation Color Code Yellow and Alert Level Advisory to Aviation Color Code Orange or Red and Alert Level Watch or Warning. Alert level definitions can be found here: Alaska Volcano Observatory | Volcano Alert Levels.
AVO will continue to monitor the volcano closely. New data and observations may lead us to change our assessment. Any changes would be announced in a subsequent Information Release.
For more information, please see the following websites:
CENAPRED report
Cenapred monitoring report
on the Popocatépetl volcano
February 9, 2025
Summary of the last 24 hours:
February 9, 11:00 h (February 9, 17:00 GMT)
13 low-intensity exhalations were detected, accompanied by water vapor and other volcanic gases.
Additionally, 37 minutes of high-frequency, low-amplitude tremor were recorded.
During the morning and at the time of this report, a light emission of water vapor and volcanic gases was observed in an east-northeast direction (image 2) .
The Popocatépetl Volcanic Alert Traffic Light is in Yellow Phase 2 .
IGEPN report
EL REVENTADOR VOLCANO DAILY REPORT No. 2025-040
Quito, Sunday, February 09, 2025
From (Date and time): 2025-02-08 11:00:00 To (Date & Time): 2025-02-09 11:00:00
Activity Level
Surface: High - Surface Trend: No Change
Internal: Moderate - Internal Trend: No Change
Seismicity:
Explosion (EXP) 75
Long Period (LP) 8
Emission Tremor (TRARM) 7
Harmonic Tremor (TREMI) 4
Rains / Lahars:
No rains were recorded in the area. * Heavy rains can remobilize accumulated material and generate mudflows with debris (lahars), which could descend the flanks of the volcano, until they flow into adjacent rivers.
Emission / ash column
Through surveillance cameras, several emissions of gas and ash were observed, whose columns reached heights between 400 and 1000 meters above the level of the crater (m asl), with a west and northwest direction respectively. In relation to this activity, the Washington VAAC agency published two reports associated with ash emissions, both whose column reached a height of 700 m a.s.l. to the northwest.
Other Monitoring Parameter
The MIROVA-MODIS and FIRMS satellite platforms detected 1 and 2 thermal anomalies respectively. Since yesterday afternoon,
Observation
Since yesterday afternoon, until the delivery of this report, the volcano has remained mostly cloudy. However, during the night, through surveillance cameras, the descent of incandescent material was observed on several occasions to 800 meters below the level of the crater (m b.n.c.)
Volcano Status
Alert Level Orange
SANGAY VOLCANO DAILY REPORT No. 2025-040
Quito, Sunday, February 09, 2025
Activity Level
Surface: Moderate - Surface Trend: No Change
Internal: Moderate - Internal Trend: No Change
Seismicity:
Explosion: (EXP) 52
Rain/Lahar
No rains were recorded in the area. * Heavy rains can remobilize accumulated material and generate mudflows with debris (lahars), which could descend the flanks of the volcano, until they flow into adjacent rivers.
Emission / ash column
From the camera system, an ash emission was observed with a height of 300 meters above the level of the summit (m asl), in a southerly direction. Similarly, satellite images from the GOES-16 system detected an emission, mainly of gas, with a column height of less than 300 m a.s.l. On the other hand, the Washington VAAC Agency has not issued activity reports for the volcano.
Other Monitoring Parameter
The FIRMS satellite system recorded 6 thermal anomalies, while the MIROVA-VIIRS and MIROVA-MODIS platforms detected 1 and 2 thermal anomalies respectively.
Observation
Since yesterday afternoon, until the closing of this report, the volcano has remained completely cloudy. However, during the night, incandescence was observed at the crater level through the camera system
Volcano Status
Alert Level Yellow
INGV-OE report
(1) VOLCANO OBSERVATORY NOTICE FOR AVIATION (VONA)
(2) Issued: 20250208/1919Z
(3) Volcano: Etna 211060
(4) Current Color Code: ORANGE
(5) Previous Color Code: yellow
(6) Source: Etna Volcano Observatory
(7) Notice Number: 2025/0004/01N01
(8) Volcano Location: 3744N 01500E
(9) Area: Italy
(10) Summit Elevation: 3300 m
(11) Volcanic Activity Summary: LAVA FLOW IS OBSERVED AT SUMMIT CRATERS
(12) Volcanic cloud height: NO ASH CLOUD IS PRODUCED
(13) Other volcanic cloud information: N/A
(14) Remarks: THE PHENOMENON IS OBSERVED BY VISIBLE AND
THERMAL SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS AND INGV'S
PERSONNEL ON FIELD
(15) Contacts:
*24/7 OE Control Room operator
turnista@ct.ingv.it +39 095 7165800
*OE Director
direttore.oe@ingv.it +39 095 7165800
(16) Next Notice:
A new VONA will be issued
if conditions change significantly
or color code changes.
Volcano information and updates
are posted at http://www.ct.ingv.it/it/vona.html
INSIVUMEH report
Daily bulletin of volcanology
Updated by Amilcar Elias Roca Palma on February 9, 2025, 08:05 am local time
PACAYA VOLCANO (1402-11)
Type of activity: Strombolian. Morphology: Composite volcano stratum.
Geographic location: 14°22'50˝ N latitude; 90°36'00˝ W longitude. Height: 2,552 masl.
Weather conditions: cloudy Wind: northeast Rainfall: 0.0 mm
Activity : Weak degassing is observed over Mackenney Crater, moving 650 meters south. Seismic stations allow the identification of weak and short-duration degassing events, confirming low levels of activity. During the night and early morning, no incandescent reflections were observed, and no sounds or explosions were reported. The occurrence of prolonged degassing periods or degassing columns with abundant ash cannot be ruled out.
FUEGO (1402-11)
Type of activity: Vulcanian. Morphology: Composite volcano stratum.
Geographic location: 14°28'54˝ N latitude; 90°52'54˝ W longitude. Height: 3,763 m above sea level.
Atmospheric conditions: partly cloudy Wind: east Rainfall: 0.0 mm.
Activity: For periods of minutes to hours, weak to moderate degassing is observed coming from the crater, dispersing towards the west. The seismic and acoustic records allow the identification of few degassing pulses and some events of greater seismic amplitude are associated with the movement of magma within the volcanic edifice. Incandescence was observed in the crater during the night and early morning. Consult and follow the recommendations described in the special bulletin BEFGO-001-2025.
SANTIAGUITO VOLCANO (1402-03)
Type of activity: Pelean Morphology: Dacitic dome complex
Geographic location: 14 °44' 33˝ N Latitude; 91°34'13˝ W Longitude. Height: . 2,500 meters above sea level.
Weather conditions: clear Wind: east Rainfall: 0.0 mm.
Activity: Weak degassing is observed over the Caliente Dome, with pulses of increase that form a gas column up to 500 meters high. Weak and moderate explosions are recorded that cause incandescence and a column of gas with ash up to 3,500 meters above sea level (10,498 feet), as well as avalanches in a south, southwest and west direction. The ash can disperse 15 to 40 km to the west, which can generate fine ash fall on farms and communities near the volcano, such as San Marcos Palajunoj and Loma Linda. The Santiaguito volcano continues to be highly active, so the occurrence of moderate to strong block and ash flows is not ruled out, as well as possible long-range pyroclastic flows in different directions, therefore follow the recommendations of the special bulletin BESAN-002-2025.
KVERT report
KVERT DAILY REPORT
Kamchatkan and Kuriles Volcanic Activity
February 08, 2025, all time is UTC
SHEVELUCH VOLCANO (CAVW #300270)
56.64 N, 161.32 E; Elevation 3283 m (10768 ft), the dome elevation ~2500 m (8200 ft)
Aviation Colour Code is ORANGE
A growth of the lava dome of the Young Sheveluch volcano, and the 300 years of RAS (the Russian Academy of Sciences) lava dome on the southwestern slope of the Old Sheveluch volcano continues. A growth of the domes is accompanied by powerful gas-steam activity. Satellite data by KVERT showed the volcano was obscured by clouds.
BEZYMIANNY VOLCANO (CAVW #300250)
55.97 N, 160.6 E; Elevation 2882 m (9453 ft)
Aviation Colour Code is ORANGE
An effusive eruption of the volcano continues. Satellite data by KVERT showed a thermal anomaly over the volcano.
KARYMSKY VOLCANO (CAVW #300130)
54.05 N, 159.44 E; Elevation 1486 m (4874 ft)
Aviation Colour Code is ORANGE
A moderate activity of the volcano continues. Satellite data by KVERT showed the volcano was obscured by clouds.
MAGMA report
Ibu
Sunday - February 09, 2025, period 00:00-24:00 WIT
Created by, Axl Roeroe
Level III (Alert)
Visual Observation
The volcano is clearly visible until covered by Fog 0-III. Observed white smoke from the main crater with thin to moderate intensity about 100-200 meters high from the peak. The weather is sunny to cloudy, with light to moderate winds to the east, southeast and south.
Earthquake Observation
65 times Eruption earthquakes with an amplitude of 12-28 mm, and an earthquake duration of 21-117 seconds.
70 times Gust earthquake with amplitude 2-17 mm, and earthquake duration 14-56 seconds.
13 times Harmonic with amplitude 2-28 mm, and earthquake duration 33-105 seconds.
125 times Shallow Volcanic earthquakes with amplitude of 2-9 mm, and earthquake duration of 4-18 seconds.
5 times Deep Volcanic earthquakes with amplitude of 4-14 mm, SP 0.7-1.8 seconds and earthquake duration of 8-19 seconds.
1 local tectonic earthquake with an amplitude of 3 mm, SP 8.5 seconds and an earthquake duration of 32 seconds.
3 times Distant Tectonic earthquakes with amplitude of 1-28 mm, SP not observed and earthquake duration 94-119 seconds.
Lewotobi Laik-Laki
Sunday - February 09, 2025, period 00:00-24:00 WITA
Created by, Herman Yosef S Mboro
Level III (Alert)
Visual Observation
The volcano is clearly visible until covered by Fog 0-II. Observed white main crater smoke with high thick intensity around 50-100 meters from the peak. The weather is sunny to rainy, light to moderate winds to the north and northeast.
Earthquake Observation
16 times Gust earthquakes with amplitude of 2.9-27.3 mm, and earthquake duration of 22-101 seconds.
3 times Harmonic with amplitude 3.7-5.9 mm, and earthquake duration 104-164 seconds.
2 Low Frequency earthquakes with an amplitude of 4.4-14.8 mm, and an earthquake duration of 25-33 seconds.
2 Deep Volcanic earthquakes with amplitude of 5.9-11 mm, SP 1.1 seconds and earthquake duration of 10-13 seconds.
4 times Distant Tectonic earthquakes with amplitude of 5.9-47.3 mm, SP 10.5-70.7 seconds and earthquake duration of 35-361 seconds.
Merapi
Sunday - February 09, 2025, period 00:00-24:00 WIB
Created by, Erwin Widyon
Level III (Alert)
Visual Observation
The volcano is covered in Fog 0-II to covered in Fog 0-III. Crater smoke is not observed. The weather is cloudy to rainy, weak winds to the east and west.
Earthquake Observation
122 times Avalanche earthquake with amplitude 3-13 mm and earthquake duration 31.63-230.04 seconds.
1 Low Frequency earthquake with an amplitude of 18 mm, and an earthquake duration of 10.5 seconds.
18 times Hybrid/Multi-Phase earthquakes with amplitude of 2-8 mm, SP 0.3-0.9 seconds and earthquake duration of 9.12-16.83 seconds.
4 times Distant Tectonic earthquakes with amplitude of 2-4 mm, SP not observed and earthquake duration 48.79-190.06 seconds.
Dukono
Sunday - February 09, 2025, period 00:00-24:00 WIT
Created by, M. Saum Amin
Level II (Alert)
Visual Observation
The volcano is clearly visible until covered by Fog 0-III. Observed white and gray main crater smoke with moderate to thick intensity about 100-400 meters high from the peak. The weather is sunny to cloudy, light to moderate winds to the southeast.
Earthquake Observation
242 eruption earthquakes with an amplitude of 6-34 mm, and an earthquake duration of 41.15-151.61 seconds.
3 times Distant Tectonic earthquakes with amplitude of 7-14 mm, SP 14.21-29.08 seconds and earthquake duration 48.44-84.76 seconds.
1 Continuous Tremor earthquake with amplitude of 1-5 mm, dominant 2 mm.
PHIVOLCS report
TAAL VOLCANO
24-hour monitoring summary
(from 12AM yesterday to 12AM today)
Date: 09 February 2025 (Partial activity)
ALERT LEVEL 1
Seismicity
0 volcanic earthquakes
Acidity Main Crater Lake
0.20 (20 February 2024)
Temperatura Main Crater Lake
70.7 ℃ (30 January 2025)
Sulfur Dioxide Flux
3143 ton / araw (08 February 2025)
Plume
600 meters high; Moderate evaporation; landed in the southwest
Long-term subsidence of the greater Taal Caldera with short-term swelling of the southeastern part of Taal Volcano Island
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